Headache
The primary symptom of migraines is a headache, often described as a throbbing or pulsating pain. It typically affects one side of the head but can occur on both sides. Nearly 100% of migraine sufferers experience headaches.
Nausea
Nausea is a common symptom, occurring in about 70-80% of migraine cases. It can be mild to severe and sometimes leads to vomiting.
Fatigue
Approximately 70-80% of migraine patients report feeling extremely fatigued during and after a migraine attack.
Mood Changes
Mood changes, including irritability, depression, or euphoria, can occur before, during, or after a migraine. This is reported by around 40-50% of migraine sufferers.
Photophobia: Sensitivity to Light
Approximately 80-90% of migraine patients report sensitivity to light during attacks. It's often so severe that sufferers seek a darkened room.
Phonophobia: Sensitivity to sound
Around 60-70% of individuals with migraines experience heightened sensitivity to sound, often requiring a quiet environment during an attack.
Sleep Issues
Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or hypersomnia, are common among migraine sufferers. Approximately 50-70% of individuals with migraines report sleep issues, which can also be a trigger for migraine attacks.
Nasal Congestion
These symptoms can be present in about 40% of migraine sufferers, often leading to a misdiagnosis of sinus headaches.
Neck Pain/Stiffness
Neck pain or stiffness is experienced by about 75% of migraine sufferers, often occurring during the headache phase.
Sensitivity to Smells
Around 40-50% of people with migraines have increased sensitivity to smells during an attack, which can exacerbate other symptoms like nausea.
Dizziness or Vertigo
Dizziness is reported in about 40% of migraine sufferers. Vertigo, a type of dizziness where the environment seems to spin, is also a common symptom.
Visual Issues - Aura
About 20-30% of migraine sufferers experience aura, which includes visual disturbances such as seeing flashing lights, zigzag lines, or temporary loss of vision.
Brain Fog
Difficulties with concentration or brain fog are reported by about 50-60% of those with migraines.
References
- Charles, A. (2018). The pathophysiology of migraine: Implications for clinical management. The Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 174-182.
- van Oosterhout, W. P. J., van Someren, E. J. W., Schoonman, G. G., Louter, M. A., Lammers, G. J., Ferrari, M. D., & Terwindt, G. M. (2014). Chronotypes and circadian timing in migraine. Cephalalgia, 34(6), 443-450.
- Buse, D. C., Loder, E. W., Gorman, J. A., Stewart, W. F., Reed, M. L., Fanning, K. M., ... Lipton, R. B. (2013). Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Headache, 53(8), 1278-1299.
- Goadsby, P. J., Lipton, R. B., & Ferrari, M. D. (2002). Migraine—Current understanding and treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(4), 257-270.
- Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 38(1), 1-211.